Model – Engine Icon https://engineicon.com Latest car news and advice blog Tue, 14 Jul 2026 02:07:52 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1 https://engineicon.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/cropped-ME_favicon-1-32x32.png Model – Engine Icon https://engineicon.com 32 32 Rivian CEO Hints the R2 Could Spawn a Pickup and Performance Model https://engineicon.com/rivian-ceo-hints-the-r2-could-spawn-a-pickup-and-performance-model/ Thu, 07 May 2026 06:33:25 +0000 https://engineicon.com/rivian-ceo-hints-the-r2-could-spawn-a-pickup-and-performance-model/

The Rivian R2 has the potential to become an even bigger thing for the company than everyone expected.

It goes without saying that the midsize electric SUV will target a much larger demographic than the existing high-end R1S and R1T, but it looks like the growth potential of the R2 will be even more significant.

That’s because Rivian is reportedly developing additional variants of the R2 that it hasn’t disclosed previously. While Rivian recently began volume production of the R2 at its Illinois plant, CEO RJ Scaringe told Reuters the new Georgia plant is being built to support multiple versions of the R2 platform, allowing flexibility as the EV maker ramps up production.

Rivian R2 Pickup and R2X Performance Model Not Ruled Out

Rivian

While Scaringe did not get into details, he did suggest R2 versions may include pickup or performance models. “There are other variants of R2, which we haven’t shown,” Scaringe said in an interview with the news agency when asked about a pickup variant of the R2. “What we’re building in Georgia allows for different variations,” he added.

Rivian previously said the R2 midsize platform would also underpin a smaller R3 crossover and the R3X performance variant further down the line, but it looks like an R2X performance model is also in the cards. “So clearly there could be an R2X,” Scaringe said. “There’s going to be combinations. I want to be careful not to announce the program.”

While that’s great news, Rivian needs to nail the R2 rollout first, as deliveries of the new model are expected to start around June. In March, the company has announced various trims of the R2 SUV, including a $58,000 R2 Performance Launch Edition model, a $53,990 R2 Premium trim coming before the end of the year, and the $48,490 R2 Standard arriving in the first half of 2027. 

Mind you, the long-awaited $45,000 entry-level R2 trim will become available by late 2027. Expected to offer over 275 miles of range, the base Rivian R2 is likely to significantly expand the company’s customer base.

The R2 Is Expected to Boost Rivian Deliveries by 53% This Year

Rivian

Rivian expects deliveries to jump 53% this year driven by the launch of the R2. Assuming a smooth production ramp and steady demand, the company expects to deliver roughly 22,000-23,000 R2s, contributing to a significant increase in Rivian’s EV market share.

Initially, the R2 is being built at the existing plant in Normal, Illinois. But the midsize electric SUV will also be built at the new factory in Georgia, which is expected to start production in 2028; the smaller R3 and R3X will also be made at the site.

Rivian has been awarded a $4.5 billion loan from the Department of Energy to build the plant, and the company will begin to access the loan next year. Initially, the loan was supposed to amount to $6.57 billion, but on April 30 Rivian announced that it renegotiated the terms in order to draw on the loan sooner and have greater initial production.

As a result, the Georgia plant is now projected to have an annual output of 300,000 vehicles given the uncertain demand for all-electric vehicles, down from an initial projected capacity of 400,000. Rivian’s new factory will also build the 10,000 autonomous R2 robotaxis contracted by Uber as part of a $1.25 billion deal.

Rivian

Source link

]]>
2025 Tesla Model 3 Performance at Lightning Lap 2026 https://engineicon.com/2025-tesla-model-3-performance-at-lightning-lap-2026/ Fri, 24 Apr 2026 02:18:06 +0000 https://engineicon.com/2025-tesla-model-3-performance-at-lightning-lap-2026/

From the March/April 2026 issue of Car and Driver.

Lap Time: 2:58.4

Class: LL2 | Base: $56,630 | As Tested: $64,630
Power and Weight:
510 hp • 4035 lb • 7.9 lb/hp
Tires:
Pirelli P Zero PZ4 Elect
F: 235/35R-20 92Y T1
R: 275/30R-20 97Y T1

The Tesla Model 3 Performance can do just about one lap of VIR’s Grand Course in its fastest mode before its 80-kWh battery cries uncle and reduces its output in the interest of self-preservation. But please consider that the hair-on-fire Formula 1 cars of the 1980s turbo era had qualifying cars and engines that were also only good for a lap. Is this really any different?

We spent all but our first session in the Model 3 in the car’s fast-lap mode, which is Track mode with the standard level of powertrain endurance. So with a careful eye on battery, brake, and motor temperatures, we focused instead on maximum pace, turning just one hot lap at a time in the Tesla between charging.

2025teslamodel3performanceView Photos

Michael Simari and Marc Urbano|Car and Driver

Credit the 2:58.4 lap time—fast enough to beat the Hyundai Ioniq 5 N we ran last year—to our quick acclimation to the Model 3’s quirks. The steering is largely devoid of feel, but it’s responsive to small corrections. The adjustable regenerative braking, set to 100 percent, per Tesla’s recommendation, slows the car rapidly. Going into the Climbing Esses at 130.0 mph requires barely a lift to help the front end bite as you toss it into the first left. A larger lift destabilizes the chassis and our own sense of self-preservation.

The Climbing Esses is where the Ioniq 5 N shows its superior high-speed stability. While the Ioniq’s body control is buttoned down and knife-edge sharp, the M3P is at times as erratic as the Detroit Lions offense. In medium-pace corners, like Sector 4’s climb toward Roller Coaster, the Model 3 essentially matches the Ioniq 5 N’s ability.

2025teslamodel3performanceView Photos

Michael Simari and Marc Urbano|Car and Driver

Just before the finish line on our quickest lap, the Tesla’s thermal warnings trigger a reduced-power mode that we barely felt, and the car ended up 9 mph slower on the Front Straight than it had been at the beginning of the lap. Based on our first session, the car could likely turn a handful of laps at the Volkswagen GTI’s pace, but for just one lap, the Model 3 Performance is the quickest EV around VIR for under $100,000.

Back to Lightning Lap 2026

Headshot of K.C. Colwell

K.C. Colwell, the executive editor at Car and Driver, is a seasoned professional with a deep-rooted passion for new cars and technology. His journey into the world of automotive journalism began at an early age when his grandmother gifted him a subscription to Car and Driver for his 10th birthday. This gift sparked a lifelong love for the industry, and he read every issue between then and his first day of employment. He started his Car and Driver career as a technical assistant in the fall of 2004. In 2007, he was promoted to assistant technical editor. In addition to testing, evaluating, and writing about cars, technology, and tires, K.C. also set the production-car lap record at Virginia International Raceway for C/D‘s annual Lightning Lap track test and was just the sixth person to drive the Hendrick Motorsport Garage 56 Camaro. In 2017, he took over as testing director until 2022, when was promoted to executive editor and has led the brand to be one of the top automotive magazines in the country. When he’s not thinking about cars, he likes playing hockey in the winter and golf in the summer and doing his best to pass his good car sense and love of ’90s German sedans to his daughter. He might be the only Car and Driver editor to own a Bobcat: the skidsteer, not the feline. Though, if you have a bobcat guy, reach out. K.C. resides in Chelsea, Michigan, with his family.

Source link

]]>
Audi S5: Is An All-New Model Enough In This SUV Market? https://engineicon.com/audi-s5-is-an-all-new-model-enough-in-this-suv-market/ Sat, 18 Apr 2026 22:52:30 +0000 https://engineicon.com/audi-s5-is-an-all-new-model-enough-in-this-suv-market/ Published:  September 23rd, 2025

Share

Source link

]]>
Base Model or Bust, Baby https://engineicon.com/base-model-or-bust-baby/ Thu, 26 Mar 2026 23:22:45 +0000 https://engineicon.com/base-model-or-bust-baby/

If someone said to me, “Hey, Caleb. Who makes a great, small car?” I’d say, “Toyota, duh.” Now, I’m not saying that’s the only correct answer, but Toyota has a strong track record there. And if you want an economical crossover? Shoot. The RAV4 is it. But what about the Corolla Cross? Where does that land? After spending a week with it, I’m still not sure.

It’s smaller, less powerful, and less fuel-efficient than a RAV4. I also found the Corolla Cross to be pretty noisy and not all that comfy. Those factors aren’t such a problem if you’re in a $26,450 base model, but when you’re looking at an XLE AWD like the one I tested, the MSRP soars above $35,000. At that price, and in my eyes, it’s a non-starter.

So what does it do well? And what does it do … not so well? Let’s run through it so you can decide if I’m a big fat idiot or if you’d rather buy a RAV4 (or a Chevy Trax, or a Mazda CX-30, or something else altogether).

Toyota Corolla Cross
Caleb Jacobs

The Basics

The Corolla Cross is Toyota’s smallest gas crossover (the CH-R is even littler, but it’s an EV). Also, it’s the least expensive, with only the Corolla sedan and hatchback starting at lower prices. No matter how you shake it, it’s an entry-level daily runaround meant to be practical and economical.

Design-wise, it’s clearly related to the other Corolla models, albeit a bit more blobby. The grille takes up a lot of the front end, but that’s par for the course these days. I actually don’t mind the back end, either—the big suitcase muffler underneath is almost a styling element in itself. Importantly, the Corolla Cross doesn’t pretend to be more premium than it is.

The low-frill theme is especially apparent inside the car. Even in the top XLE trim, it feels like a budget model. The Corolla Cross still offers everything you’d ever need, from a 10.5-inch infotainment display with wireless Android Auto and Apple CarPlay to heated seats, dual-zone climate control, and a power liftgate out back. In short, the appointments are there—the vibe is cheap but mostly cheerful.

While Toyota makes a Corolla Cross hybrid, the one I tested was a gas-only model with the 2.0-liter four-cylinder and continuously variable transmission. This powertrain combo makes a humble 169 horsepower and 151 lb-ft of torque. Front-wheel drive is standard, though all-wheel drive is available, and my press loaner was equipped with it.

Driving the Toyota Corolla Cross

I’m a big guy at 6’5″ and 290 pounds, so I didn’t expect to fit all that well in this particular ‘Yota. My expectations were mostly accurate. I didn’t have any issues with stretching my legs out; rather, it was the width that bothered me. Maybe I’m more bow-legged than I thought, but both of my knees rested on plastic panels constantly. That gets old pretty quickly, but not everybody is my size, either.

The Corolla Cross’s engine is unremarkable, which will be totally OK with most people in the market for one. It does what you need it to: Get up to interstate speeds, pass a slow-moving car here and there, and drive you around without any problems. In AWD guise, it’s still decently efficient, but the juxtaposition with Toyota’s hybrid models makes its 30 mpg combined rating less impressive.

This 2.0-liter runs on the Atkinson cycle rather than the more typical Otto cycle, which is a nerdy way of saying it prioritizes efficiency over performance. Toyota uses this tactic on its hybrids, too, but they have an electric motor to help fill in the gaps. This one doesn’t, so you have to be patient with it while also accepting that it’s going to really wind up when you hammer it.

Toyota Corolla Cross
Caleb Jacobs

You’ll like how compact the Corolla Cross is if you need to maneuver it around a city or a suburb. It steers like a small crossover, which is to say, there’s little feedback and little effort. Visibility is good to boot.

You won’t like how compact it is if you need to fit a rear-facing car seat. It’s fine if no one has to sit in front of it, but my wife and I couldn’t have sat comfortably in the car with our kids (ages seven, three, and one). Again, Toyota makes plenty of crossovers and SUVs that will fit a family of five, but the Corolla Cross ain’t one.

Ultimately, the driving experience here is just as it is in almost every other car that’s similarly sized, similarly shaped, similarly powered, and similarly equipped. There’s precious little character in this segment, and although a small spark could help set the Corolla Cross apart, it doesn’t have it. If anything, I think it’s guilty of relying too much on brand recognition and reputation. It’s like Toyota knows people recommend its cars to anyone who just needs a cheap, reliable daily driver and decided to stop there.

The Highs and Lows

The Corolla Cross does what it says on the tin. In that sense, everyday livability for people with one kid (or no kids) is pretty solid, and you can fit a lot behind the front seats if you fold down the rear bench. Really, the high point is how little thought you have to put into driving it every day. Get in, turn the key, travel wherever you need to, and have peace of mind that there’s a warranty to backstop you in case anything goes wrong.

The low point is that it’s boring. Boring, boring, boring. And the car I drove cost too much.

Toyota Corolla Cross Features, Options, and Competition

Every Toyota Corolla Cross comes standard with features that young people and their parents care about. Wireless Android Auto and Apple CarPlay are there, as is Toyota Safety Sense 3.0. That means they all have automatic high beams, radar cruise control, land departure alert, and a pre-collision system that provides audio and visual warnings as well as brake assist under certain conditions. It’s basically the college kid special.

Folks can option the Corolla Cross with AWD ($1,400), a convenience package with a power liftgate and moonroof ($1,250), JBL premium audio ($800), and snazzy paint like my tester’s Soul Red Crystal ($475).

This Toyota competes with approximately 100 other cars in the subcompact segment. OK, that’s a joke, but there genuinely are a lot. The Mazda CX-30 and FWD-only Chevy Trax that I mentioned earlier are some key players, as are the Kia Seltos, VW Taos, and Honda HR-V. In terms of pricing, the Corolla Cross is in the middle of the pack. I think that sums up the car pretty well.

Fuel Economy

Toyota Corolla Cross fuel economy comparison
fueleconomy.gov

Among the cars in its class, the Corolla Cross AWD is actually one of the most efficient at 29 mpg city / 31 mpg highway / 30 mpg combined. It beats the Mazda (24 mpg city / 31 mpg highway / 27 mpg combined) as well as the Honda (25 mpg city / 30 mpg city / 27 mpg combined), and not by just a little. Where I struggle is knowing that you can get an all-wheel drive RAV4 for a skosh under $35,000 and hit 45 mpg city / 38 mpg highway / 42 mpg combined. I know they’re in different segments, but still.

Verdict and Value

I’m glad the Corolla Cross exists for people who need an affordable car that’s slightly bigger than a hatchback. That said, I would never buy a top trim model knowing that I could get a RAV4 for the same money. Having tested them both, the RAV4 is better all around, and the added complexity of the hybrid system isn’t such a concern to me since Toyota has proven them to be reliable over the last 20 years.

New parents and older ones will continue buying these to haul their babies, whether they be in carseats or in college. I don’t blame them; it’s a Toyota, after all. But if you’re a single person at least halfway interested in enjoying what you drive every day, there are better options.

Toyota provided The Drive with a seven-day loan of this vehicle for the purpose of writing this review.

Got a tip or question for the author? Contact them directly: caleb@thedrive.com

2026 Toyota Corolla Cross Specs

Base Price (XLE AWD as Tested) $26,450 ($35,404)
Powertrain 2.0-liter four-cylinder | continously variable transmission | all-wheel drive
Horsepower 169
Torque 151 lb-ft
Seating Capacity 5
Towing Capacity 1,500 pounds
Cargo Volume 24 cubic feet behind second row | 46.9 cubic feet behind first row
EPA Fuel Economy 29 mpg city | 31 highway | 30 combined
Score 6.5/10

Quick Take

Toyota knows how to build a cheap car, but there’s no reason to buy this one if you option it up.

From running point on new car launch coverage to editing long-form features and reviews, Caleb does some of everything at The Drive. And he really, really loves trucks.


The Drive Logo

Car Buying Service

Source link

]]>
I Saw The Lucid Cosmos In Person. Here’s Everything I Learned About The Model Y Competitor https://engineicon.com/i-saw-the-lucid-cosmos-in-person-heres-everything-i-learned-about-the-model-y-competitor/ Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:12:36 +0000 https://engineicon.com/i-saw-the-lucid-cosmos-in-person-heres-everything-i-learned-about-the-model-y-competitor/

Lucid’s upcoming midsize platform will open a new chapter for the California automaker, one that’s arguably its most consequential yet. The luxury EV maker is rapidly burning cash, and the midsize models may be its clearest shot at profitability. But success is far from guaranteed in this highly competitive environment.

When I walked into the Investor Day conference in New York City last week, I expected the same industry playbook: plenty of hype, missing details, and bold promises with little substance. What I got was the exact opposite of that.

Lucid bombarded us with information. The automaker not only shared a clear roadmap but also brought along a Cosmos prototype for an early preview and then surprised us with the Lunar robotaxi concept. It went a step further, showing us the midsize EV’s body in white, its new Atlas drive unit, and a look at its next-generation electrical architecture. Photography wasn’t permitted, but I can tell you everything I saw.

With a starting price of around $50,000, the Cosmos midsize crossover will lock horns with the Tesla Model Y, Rivian R2, BMW iX3, Volvo EX60, and a growing list of newer EVs jostling for a share of the segment.

Lucid Cosmos Exterior Design

The automaker brought along a shiny red prototype at the event, with officials claiming it was a near-final design. And it indeed looked that way. There were no concept-car-like fender bulges, unusually large wheels, or any other outlandish design elements that would never make it to production.

At first glance, the Cosmos looked like a baby Gravity with a coupe-like roofline. It has a stubby, curvaceous nose and illuminated Lucid emblems at both ends with spaced-out letters in a much larger font than on the Air and Gravity.

The sharp, angled daytime-running lights and Matrix headlamps give it a striking appearance. There’s also a front-facing lidar sensor embedded in the grille to support Lucid’s personal autonomy and robotaxi ambitions.

The side profile reveals a cab-forward greenhouse similar to the Gravity. But the biggest change here is the manual door handles. They still sit flush with the bodywork, but now have a carved-out recess where you can insert your hand and pull the lever back to open the door.




Lucid Cosmos and Earth

Photo by: Suvrat Kothari

It’s a small but meaningful departure that’s part of a broader industry reckoning with electronic door handles, which have sparked safety controversies worldwide. When the low-voltage battery powering them fails, the handles can fail too. Automakers are now returning to manual door handles to prevent that from happening.

The rear end of the Cosmos is where things get polarizing. Think Audi Q6 Sportback e-tron, but lower, sportier, and more aggressive. The slippery shape helps the Cosmos achieve a 0.22 coefficient of drag and enables a projected range of over 300 miles. But how broadly people will like it remains an open question.

Derek Jenkins, the Senior Vice President of Design and Brand at Lucid, explained why Cosmos’ sharp rear end looked the way it did. He said the automaker needed a solution for several functional requirements at the back.

“It’s a three-dimensional puzzle,” Jenkins told a group of reporters at the Investor Day. “You not only (want) great space and headroom, but also a great cargo area, great rear visibility, and a great aerodynamic taper.”

Jenkins acknowledged the rear would be an acquired taste, but said it was inevitable given the functional requirements, and felt confident it solved many of the traditional drawbacks that come with a coupe shape.

The exact cargo dimensions remain unconfirmed, but both the rear cargo area and frunk looked generously sized on the prototype.

Lucid Cosmos Interior Design

Inside, the Cosmos felt minimalist and upscale. The steering wheel is identical to the Gravity’s. The curved display and center console screen have been replaced with a single, wide display stretching from behind the steering wheel across to the passenger side. However, it stops short of a full pillar-to-pillar span like the MBUX Hyperscreen on Mercedes-Benz EVs. It’s slightly offset toward the driver.

Lucid made the switch from the Gravity’s screen layout to better support autonomy-related features and to create a more shared experience in the cabin. Jenkins called that a “democratic experience” for passengers.

“We have a lot of plans for how to show navigation, how to show our AI system,” Jenkins said. “Third-party applications could occupy not just a small portion of the screen, but perhaps the entire screen if it were the right opportunity, either through higher levels of autonomy, or even when the car is stationary while charging.”




Lucid Cosmos and Lucid Earth details

Photo by: Suvrat Kothari

A right-hand drive version of this screen is also planned, which will come with different mounting points. The automaker is planning to expand to seven European countries this year, including the U.K. and Germany.

The interior will offer a mix of fabric and “non-leather” seat materials depending on the trims, with recycled materials on the door panels. And thankfully, Lucid is not ditching the physical buttons, so drivers can easily access important functions like climate and volume without getting lost in touchscreen menus.

While the Cosmos has a sporty and performance-focused design, the Earth will have a more squared-off silhouette, going by the teasers shared by the automaker. A third, unnamed model will be more adventure-oriented, Lucid said.

Lucid Cosmos Range, Battery Options And Charging

While Lucid didn’t confirm the exact battery size and driving range for the Cosmos, CEO Marc Winterhoff said the midsize platform will offer both lithium-iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) battery packs.

LFP is the dominant battery type in China, known for its durability, lower cost, and less reliance on rare earth materials. The trade-off is energy density. LFP batteries are less energy-dense compared to NMC packs, which makes them more suited for lower-priced, entry-level trims. That said, advancements in packaging by Chinese battery giants have narrowed the range gap considerably in recent years.

Lucid said the midsize platform only needs 69 kilowatt-hours of capacity to achieve 300 miles of range. The actual battery size and range could be higher, and that’s something we’ll know more about further down the road. But it sounds like a promising start, as most electric SUVs need bigger packs to deliver that kind of range.




Lucid Cosmos/Midsize Battery, Charging

Photo by: Suvrat Kothari

The Cosmos’ battery will also have a structural design, similar to the Tesla Model Y. Its power electronics are housed under the rear seats, which is great for serviceability since most battery issues often trace back to the electronics and not individual cells, Lucid said. This way, technicians don’t have to lift the car and lower the battery for repairs; they can simply access the power electronics from under the rear seats. 

This is also an 800-volt battery architecture, capable of adding 200 miles of range in just 14 minutes of charging. That’s comfortably faster than the Model Y and the new Rivian R2, and in a similar ballpark as the BMW iX3 and the Volvo EX60. 

It will also support an important feature most Teslas don’t have yet: AC bidirectional charging. That will include vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-load (V2L), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) capabilities. So you will be able to power external appliances, light up your camping site, and even power your home with the appropriate installation and equipment.

Power will be moved into and out of the vehicle via a Tesla-style North American Charging Standard (NACS) port, positioned at the rear left of the car.

Lucid Cosmos Centralized Architecture

The midsize platform takes the Gravity’s zonal architecture a step further with a centralized architecture. That means a simpler, more capable electrical and computing system that also costs less to build.




Lucid Midsize/Cosmos ECUs

Photo by: Suvrat Kothari

The automaker showed us a torn-down version of this electrical system, and the component count looked shockingly lean. While the Gravity has about twelve electronic control units (ECUs), the midsize platform has a total of only three ECUs. There’s a large central ECU and one each on both sides of the car. ECUs are essentially the computers serving as the “brains” of the car, controlling and managing its various functions.

The result is that the Cosmos has just 0.6 miles (1.1 kilometers) of wiring, which is less than the Tesla Model Y’s 0.8 miles and the Xiaomi SU7’s 1.4 miles, according to Lucid. Fewer ECUs will allow more frequent over-the-air updates, and enable more AI and autonomous features over time due to the simplicity of the system, Lucid said. It also simplifies vehicle assembly and lowers manufacturing costs, which is critical for the automaker to hit that $50,000 starting price.

Lucid Cosmos “Atlas” Drive Motor

In a closed room, Lucid officials showed us the new Atlas drive unit that will go into its midsize EVs. A drive unit typically consists of a planetary reduction gear set, differential, rotor, stator, along with an inverter and an integrated cooling system.

To illustrate just how compact Atlas is, Lucid placed it alongside the drive units from a Model Y, a Hyundai Ioniq 5, and the Gravity. Atlas looked visibly smaller than both the Tesla and Hyundai units, and even smaller than Lucid’s own Zeus motor from the Gravity. The Ioniq 5’s unit looked bulky, by comparison.




Lucid Cosmos and Lucid Earth details

Photo by: Suvrat Kothari

Atlas has 30% fewer parts compared to Zeus, a 37% lower bill of materials, and is 23% lighter. And the front and rear Atlas drive units are essentially the same, further lowering the manufacturing complexity. Its tiny size also explains the Cosmos’ excellent packaging and interior roominess—both of which are also the Gravity’s hallmarks.

With 40% better power density and 10% better energy efficiency than the Model Y’s drive unit, Lucid is projecting the Cosmos to deliver up to 4.5 miles per kilowatt-hour of efficiency. Most EVs in the U.S. today deliver between 2.5 and 4.0 miles per kWh of efficiency in the real world. Although efficiency also gets affected by driving style, climate, and road conditions.

On the performance front, you can expect the all-wheel drive versions to go from 0-60 miles per hour in 3.5 seconds, while the rear-wheel drive models will be the range and efficiency champions.

Lucid Cosmos Body And Megacastings

I also saw the Comos’ body in white, which is the bare steel and aluminum shell of the car before the powertrain, interior, and chassis components are installed.

A notable difference here was the lack of gigacastings. Lucid engineers said that instead of casting the entire front or rear underbody as a single massive aluminum piece—as Tesla, Volvo, and a growing number of automakers have done to cut costs—the Cosmos uses smaller steel and aluminum castings along with aluminum extrusions.




Lucid Cosmos and Lucid Earth details

Photo by: Suvrat Kothari

However, it does use megacastings above the wheel arches on all four corners. Lucid said avoiding the larger gigacastings will help keep insurance costs down and lower the total cost of ownership over time. It’s a direct response to a well-documented concern in the industry, where EVs have faced criticism for being expensive to repair after even minor collisions.

Avoiding gigacastings also allowed engineers to design a multi-stage crumple zone up front, which is the part of the body that gets impacted in a frontal collision. This first collision layer is designed to absorb minor impacts and repair easily. A second, stronger layer handles more serious collisions while keeping the shell intact, and repairs still feasible. But gigacasting does tend to lower production costs, so there’s a tradeoff here. We’ll know more about whether it was worth it when we see how much the Cosmos costs, and how easy to repair it really is. 

Looking Forward

Lucid plans to make the Cosmos in Saudi Arabia initially and the U.S. eventually. Initial production will begin in Saudi Arabia by the end of this year, and some early batches will first head to the U.S. The plant in King Abdullah Economic City, outside of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, will cater to the Middle East, Europe, and other global markets in the future. About six to 12 months after production in Saudi Arabia begins, Lucid is also planning to begin secondary production at its Arizona factory, where most U.S. market cars will be built in the long-term. 

It’s also worth keeping in mind that the midsize EVs are also central to Lucid’s robotaxi dreams. Lucid has already confirmed that the midsize models will launch on the Uber platform in the future. Given the current geopolitical climate and ongoing supply chain disruption due to the war in Iran, the midsize EVs could face some headwinds. However, Lucid officials said the war in Iran had not slowed down things just yet.

But based on everything we know today, the Cosmos will indeed be the most important car Lucid has ever made. And if it lives up to these promises, it could be a game-changer for the brand.

Contact the author: suvrat.kothari@insideevs.com

Source link

]]>
What Is the Difference Between ‘Make’ and ‘Model’ of a Car? https://engineicon.com/what-is-the-difference-between-make-and-model-of-a-car/ Sat, 28 Feb 2026 21:26:53 +0000 https://engineicon.com/what-is-the-difference-between-make-and-model-of-a-car/

When you think of a vehicle’s name, you probably think of its make and model. For example, if someone asks what kind of car you have, you may answer with something like “a small blue car” or name its make and model, “Toyota Camry.” But there’s a difference between make and model, and understanding this is important, especially when shopping for or selling a car.


➡ Skip the lot. Let Car and Driver help you find your next car.

Shop New Cars | Shop Used Cars


Car Make and Model: What Does It Mean?

The terms “make” and “model” are used to describe a specific car and are frequently used together, but can sometimes be used separately. If you’re talking to someone with a decent knowledge of cars, you might just say you own a Civic rather than say “Honda Civic,” because you know they understand that a Civic is a type of Honda.

2022 rollsroyce ghost black badge

Rolls-Royce

Make

Simply put, the make is the brand of the car, and the model is the specific product. Think of Oreos. Nabisco is the brand; Oreos are the specific product. Every make, or brand, has multiple models in its lineup. So, Toyota offers several models, including the Camry, Corolla, 4Runner, Tundra, and others.

Some car makes are under a parent company that is also a make. Consider Ford Motor Company. Ford is its own make, but it’s also the parent company of Lincoln.

2026 bronco sport bronze package rear badge

Ford

Model

Once you know the make or brand, the model narrows it down even more. Audi and Mercedes differentiate between models with a well-organized system of letters and numbers. Audi designates their SUVs with the Q nomenclature (such as Q3, Q5, and Q7), and its cars with the A suffix (such as A4, A6, and A8). Other companies name each of their models; for example, Honda makes the Accord, Civic, and Prelude cars and CR-V, HR-V, and Pilot SUVs.

Add in the model year to your description, and you’ve helped suss out the specific generation of the vehicles. For example, a 1998 Audi A4 denotes it as part of the model’s first generation, which Audi sold in the U.S. for the 1996–2001 model years. A 2003 Audi A4, meanwhile, alerts you to the fact that this sports sedan is an example from the model’s second generation.

Under the umbrella of the model are trim levels, which are another factor that further narrows down a vehicle’s feature set.

2027 audi rs5

Audi

Differences Between Vehicles of the Same Model

Even if you have two vehicles that are the same model in front of you, they could still look very different. Beyond obvious differences like paint color and wheels, many models offer specific trim levels, different body styles, and varying feature and appearance packages.

Body Style

The body style is the basic build of the car, and certain models might be available in multiple body styles:

  • Sedan
  • Coupe
  • Convertible
  • Hatchback
  • Pickup
  • SUV (and/or crossover SUV)
  • Wagon

For example, Honda sells the current Civic in both sedan and hatchback body styles. Meanwhile, Honda builds the current Accord exclusively in sedan form.

Logo, Symbol, Emblem, Badge, Trademark, Brand, Grille, Silver, Graphics,

THE MANUFACTURER

Trim Level

This is where you choose between a basic model with a lower starting price or one with various levels of added equipment and features. Just about every vehicle on the market offers a handful of trim levels. Often, trim levels are specified by initials like L, S, or EX, but some models use names. For example, the 2026 Kia K5 is available in either LXS, GT-Line, GT, or EX trim levels.

Generally, trim levels are focused on performance or feature content. So there’s usually a base trim that comes with the basic features you’d expect in the model, while the highest-end trims get all the extras you likely want in a car but probably don’t need (think sunroofs and leather-lined seats). Sport-oriented trims may feature additional engine output and/or transmission or chassis tweaks.

honda cr v hybrid and vin

Austin Irwin|Car and Driver

How to Find Your Car’s Make and Model

The vehicle’s registration certificate will list its make and model. You can find more information, like model year, manufacturing location, and equipment specs, by searching the vehicle’s VIN (vehicle identification number). Locating the VIN is pretty straightforward. Typically, you can find it where the dashboard meets the windshield on the driver’s side. There, you’ll find the VIN, which is 17 digits long.

2025 bmw x5 m competition

James Lipman|Car and Driver

When Does Make and Model Matter?

It’s essential to understand the make and model of a vehicle when you’re purchasing or selling it. This information also matters when shopping for car insurance. You may have heard the myth that red cars equal higher insurance rates. While that’s untrue, many insurance carriers do charge higher premiums for certain makes, models, and trims. For instance, sports cars and vehicles with high-performance capabilities typically cost more to insure.

Headshot of Greg S. Fink

Despite their shared last name, Greg Fink is not related to Ed “Big Daddy” Roth’s infamous Rat Fink. Both Finks, however, are known for their love of cars, car culture, and—strangely—monogrammed one-piece bathing suits. Greg’s career in the media industry goes back more than a decade. His previous experience includes stints as an editor at publications such as U.S. DriftBreath & World Report, The Huffington Post, Motor1.com, and MotorTrend.

Source link

]]>
Model T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car Evolution https://engineicon.com/model-t-to-model-y-features-that-survived-100-years-of-car-evolution/ Thu, 26 Feb 2026 22:05:14 +0000 https://engineicon.com/model-t-to-model-y-features-that-survived-100-years-of-car-evolution/

As Kelley Blue Book celebrates 100 years, we couldn’t resist looking back at the car that dominated the scene a century ago: the Ford Model T. From 1908-1927, Ford built and sold more than 15 million examples of the Model T. In the process, the company altered the automotive landscape forever with engineering and manufacturing innovations that reshaped how cars were made — and who could afford them. The Model T’s legacy still echoes in today’s modern vehicles.

From 1920-1926, the Model T accounted for nearly half of all automobile sales, making it the most popular car in America 100 years ago. Fast forward a century, and which vehicle now claims that kind of dominance? Ford still came out on top in the U.S. in 2025 with its F-series, but in electric vehicles (EVs), Tesla’s Model Y took the crown.

To get a clearer sense of the of the past century’s transformation, let’s explore which Model T ideas persist today in modern EVs like the Model Y. With the help of the California Automobile Museum’s Model T collection and the Pit Crew (the volunteer experts who maintain the museum’s collection), we identified several features and engineering principles that have evolved over the past century yet still show up today.

1926 models and 2026 models may look like utterly different cars, and in many ways, they are. However, a closer look reveals what has been preserved, refined, and reimagined to meet the demands of a changing world.

Left-Hand Drive Enters the Scene 

The Model T shipped to its first customer on Oct. 1, 1908. One of its simplest and most striking features? Left-hand drive (sometimes called “left-hand steering”), with the operator seated on the left side of the vehicle. Early car models almost exclusively employed right-hand drive, with a few exceptions. For example, early Knox automobiles, circa 1900-1905, employed left-hand drive, though these cars used a tiller rather than a wheel. Left-hand drive works best for right-hand traffic, especially on bidirectional roads.

Model T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car EvolutionModel T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car Evolution
Chassis of a 1926 Model T, revealing the inner workings of left-hand drive. Photographed by Lauren Swift at the California Automobile Museum.

It wasn’t until the Model T, however, that left-hand drive became standard for American cars. The design made entering and exiting the car easier and safer. A century later, today’s Model Y may have sleeker door handles, but drivers still steer on the left, and passengers still step out onto the curb, not into traffic (though right-hand-drive models are available in countries like the United Kingdom and Japan that drive on the left).

Model T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car EvolutionModel T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car Evolution
Left-hand drive in a 2020 Tesla Model Y.

Transmission Transformations 

“One of the most interesting aspects of the Model T is the transmission,” said Richard Markwell, California Automobile Museum Model T expert and Pit Crew member. “It uses a planetary gear system, which is the gear system that’s very close to what you still have in your automatic transmission today.”

The Model T’s pioneering 2-speed transmission featured an outer ring gear, a central “sun” gear, and multiple “planet” gears working concurrently to provide a smoother shifting experience. Cotton or wood bands clamped around drums controlled the gear ratios. The Model T used a hand lever for throttle, and three foot pedals: one to shift between low/neutral/high, one for reverse, and one for braking.

1926 Ford Model T transmission up close. Photographed by Lauren Swift at the California Automobile Museum.

Driving a Model T required constant manual input from the driver. Markwell, who also teaches Model T driving classes at the museum, explained that even drivers long-accustomed to modern manual transmissions have to adjust to the Model T’s unique control layout. “I had a ball with someone who’d been driving trucks all his life,” said Markwell. “He’d come up to a stop sign, and he’d push that clutch all the way down to be in neutral. Well, with this car, nope, he’s in low gear!” Don’t worry; Markwell assures us that once you get the hang of it, you can get your Tin Lizzie quite safely on down the road. 

Jump ahead 100 years, and the transmission on a Model Y looks like something entirely new, but parts of its lineage trace back to early transmission innovation. The original Tesla Roadster shipped with multi-speed gearboxes, but they weren’t optimal. Over time, EVs gravitated toward fixed-gear, single-speed, direct-drive setups that better suit electric motors’ high-torque outputs. Now, no shifting is needed, and drivers can manage many settings automatically, often via a screen.   

Differential Convergences and Divergences 

To manage power distribution to the wheels during turns, both the Model T and Model Y employ differential gears. With 100 years between them, the implementations look different, but the core idea — allow left and right wheels to rotate at different speeds — remains virtually the same.

The Model T had an open rear-wheel differential assembly containing a ring-and-pinion set, axle shafts, and spider gears. This setup allowed the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds in a turn, but it could struggle on slippery surfaces, sending power to the wheel that had the least resistance. Some models used worm-gear differentials for increased power.

Model T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car EvolutionModel T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car Evolution
Rear-wheel assembly containing the differential on the chassis of a 1926 Model T. Photographed by Lauren Swift at the California Automobile Museum.

The Model Y evolves this piece of engineering while also using open differentials. Depending on the variant, this may apply to either or both axles. Tesla uses a sealed “drive unit” that houses the motor, gearbox, and differential together. It’s a highly computerized unit that manages torque efficiently, and the mechanical underpinnings of the differential aren’t worlds apart from their forebears in the Model T. 

Getting in Shape: Body Evolution 

Early Model T examples primarily used wood framing and strong, lightweight vanadium-alloy steel body panels that could flex to absorb the bumps of rough roads. The cars also prominently featured brass in elements, including radiator shells, headlamps, and hubcaps, until about 1915.

As World War I began, materials were redirected to war efforts and munitions, effectively ending the Model T’s “Brass Era” and ushering in an era of black-painted steel parts. This also coincided with Ford’s famous line, “Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it’s black.” Prior to 1914, the Model T had been available in a variety of paint colors. 

Model T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car EvolutionModel T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car Evolution
1908 Ford Model T Touring. Photographed by Lauren Swift at the California Automobile Museum.
1914 Ford Model T Touring. Photographed by Lauren Swift at the California Automobile Museum.

While the Model Y uses very different materials, we can see a similar engineering philosophy to meet its needs. Where Ford used vanadium-alloy steel for its flexibility and affordability, Tesla uses a mix of lightweight aluminum and high-strength steel to achieve similar goals of reduced mass and improved safety.

Manufacturing, Mass Production, and Assembly Line 

Ford built his first internal combustion engine in 1893. “They call it the ‘kitchen sink engine’ because he made it in his kitchen sink,” Markwell said. “From there, Ford failed at a number of business attempts until the Model T.” With that vehicle, Ford helped revolutionize automobile manufacturing and assembly.  

In 1913, Ford created his moving assembly line, combining interchangeable parts, subdivided labor, and the movement of materials down the line. Consequently, the Model T, while undergoing modifications over the years, remained largely the same as its early models. “He really wanted to keep to the basics the same for as long as he could so that he could improve his profit margin on the automobile and keep the cost low for buyers,” Markwell said.  

Ford was also known for contracting out certain parts to specialized suppliers who could stamp fenders or hoods, for example, rather than doing it in-house. It was relatively unheard of at the time, but by contracting out some parts to specialty suppliers, he cut costs dramatically. Henry Ford wanted to put the “Ford” in “affordability.” The productivity and price cuts enabled by these methods inspired wide adoption of his approach across the industry. A century later, mass-production logic and assembly-line methods remain the industry standard.

Tesla Model Y bodies-in-white stacked awaiting assemblyTesla Model Y bodies-in-white stacked awaiting assembly
Tesla Model Y bodies stacked and awaiting assembly.

While Tesla has been exploring other assembly methods in recent years, most of the Model Y’s production life has still relied on moving assembly-line concepts, refining them with automation, and continually improving computerization. For example, the Model Y assembly line was reduced by about 10% by mounting the front seats and interior module onto the battery pack, which sits on the floor. The entire unit is then brought into the vehicle’s body from below. This method provides more room for teams to work on different parts of the car simultaneously.  

With the Model T, Ford developed the blueprint that is still in use today and will continue to evolve alongside new milestones in manufacturing. 

The Spirit of Innovation 

Despite the century between them, Ford’s Model T and Tesla’s Model Y reshaped the automotive landscapes in which they reigned. A certain pioneering spirit dwells at the hearts of these behemoths of automotive engineering.

“Ford wanted the people who built the cars to be able to afford them,” said Markwell. “Most of the time before that, businesses didn’t care. They just wanted their prices higher and higher because it was feeding their table, not everybody else’s. Ford paid his people well, kept his prices down, and he did this partly by not mandating constant changes in production.”  

Model T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car EvolutionModel T to Model Y: Features That Survived 100 Years of Car Evolution
1917 Ford Model T “Form-a-Truck.” California Automobile Museum. Photographed by Lauren Swift at the California Automobile Museum.

It’s a vision that’s still relatable 100 years later, as it can feel harder to find consumers’ interests at the center of business practices. Ford shaped the Model T around the people for whom he was building it. In this simple mission, he created an automotive empire that remains dominant today.

Similarly, Tesla’s vision for EVs, particularly its Model Y, has radically altered the automotive industry. It has used Ford’s manufacturing methods as a springboard for innovations like “megacasting,” replacing dozens of parts with a single large cast aluminum piece to simplify production. Very recently, Ford has signaled interest in similar casting (described as “unibody casting”) for its own next-generation EV efforts. The Model Y’s continuing advances have set the pace for many of its EV competitors.

Here’s to 100 More Years 

There’s a century between them, but the Model T and the Model Y are two cars that helped to shape everything between and much of what’s to come. In the next 100 years, we hope the industry continues to fuse the motivations at the foundations of these two seminal models — a mission of affordability and a continuing push toward technological breakthroughs that will keep all of us driving safely and smoothly into the future.

Source link

]]> Tesla Model S Claims First Coast-to-Coast FSD Drive With No Human Intervention https://engineicon.com/tesla-model-s-claims-first-coast-to-coast-fsd-drive-with-no-human-intervention/ Sat, 24 Jan 2026 16:20:30 +0000 https://engineicon.com/tesla-model-s-claims-first-coast-to-coast-fsd-drive-with-no-human-intervention/

Coast to Coast, No Hands

A 2024 Tesla Model S has reportedly achieved the first zero-intervention Tesla Full Self-Driving (FSD) Cannonball Run. The journey began in Los Angeles and ended in New York, with the small team covering 3,081 miles in 58 hours and 22 minutes.

For the uninitiated, the Cannonball Run originated in the early 1970s as a protest against newly imposed speed limits and heightened traffic enforcement in the U.S. In the Tesla world, the challenge became more relevant after CEO Elon Musk said the company would complete a coast-to-coast demonstration drive in 2017. That never happened—along with other pledges that later proved disappointing—but thanks to the team that recently completed the run, there is a clearer picture of what such a feat actually looks like.

Alex Roy via The Drive

Not Exactly Smooth Sailing

One of the team members and a former The Drive contributor, Alex Roy, said the video documenting the run “will be crazy.” The attempt was completed in snowy conditions – even during an active snowstorm – which typically has a negative impact on EV battery performance. Despite those challenges, the team maintained an average speed of just 64 mph – slower than previous attempts – while spending a total of 10 hours and 11 minutes stopped for charging, a hurdle drivers of gasoline-powered cars don’t have to deal with.

What was interesting in the report, however, was that the Model S made multiple detours, including a 90-minute diversion after one team member was left behind. How that situation happened is remarkable in itself, but it reflected the group’s dedication, as they chose not to take control of the vehicle and instead let FSD handle the situation.

Alex Roy via The Drive

Tesla’s Position on Full Self-Driving

With FSD still facing several well-documented issues—including some currently under investigation by the federal regulators—better and faster Cannonball Run results are expected as further updates roll out. It is also worth reiterating that FSD is classified as SAE Level 2 autonomy, meaning it still requires constant human supervision, something Tesla owners considering a similar challenge should keep in mind.

Tesla, for its part, is also working toward a fully autonomous driving system, though not for a road-going production EV. That technology is instead slated for its dedicated robotaxi program using the so-called Cybercab, expected to enter production in April 2026. Whether the company ultimately delivers on that timeline or adds it to the growing list of missed targets remains to be seen.


View the 3 images of this gallery on the
original article

Source link

]]>
Tesla Model Y review https://engineicon.com/tesla-model-y-review/ Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:38:59 +0000 https://engineicon.com/tesla-model-y-review/ Once you get used to it, the in-car tech is very easy to use. Interior and dashboard design

If you like understatement, the Model Y may be the car for your. The dashboard of the Model Y is almost bare apart from its large touchscreen. However, its simple design contains some neat details. For example, air from the climate system flows through a slim, subtle slot that runs across the entire width of the dash. Others find the look so unfinished that it looks almost unfinished. We’ve mentioned many times that we prefer physical controls and the Tesla is lacking in this regard. The large central display controls almost everything. The hazard switch is the only physical button you will find. It’s located on the ceiling. Other controls, such as the headlight flasher and windscreen washers are found on the steering-wheel. The latter is fine in practice but we think that it was a bad decision to remove the physical controls for headlights. Although automatic lights are less of a hassle than they used to be, we would still prefer to have the option to control them manually. It can be annoying to have to press the button longer in order for the lights turn on. It’s the same story with the indicator shaft. It’s a pain to use and feels cheap because it does not click into place. This makes cancelling a warning signal a hassle. It’s almost as if Tesla is persuading owners of the merits of touchscreens by deliberately making its physical controls less than ideal.

Materials and build quality

Fit and finish were certainly a weakness of earlier Teslas, but things have improved dramatically. It’s not perfect, but it is a lot better than before. There are still a few trim panels that aren’t perfectly aligned between the door and dash. But these flaws are common among other brands as well. Though the overall design is fairly sparse.

Advertisement – Article continues below

]]>